Transition Plans in Special Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Change Plans in Special Education - Essay Example The change procedure for understudies with inability starts as from age 14 when a student’s is inside the instructive framework or secondary school. Thought likewise offers assets to progress arranging programs for understudy just when still under the limits of an instructive framework (Trach, 2012). The improvement of transitional plans focusing on youngsters with exceptional handicaps has prompted expanded number of debilitated adolescents enrolling for secondary school and post secondary school programs. A progress plan is contained under the individualized training system and alludes to exercises that layout the reinforcing of requirements, aptitudes and enthusiasm of understudies with exceptional incapacities following secondary school. Through progress arranging, the requirements, qualities, abilities and life objectives of understudies can be recognized long ahead of time and sustained. Actualizing such an arrangement ahead of time empowers an understudy with handicaps to create character and aptitudes that can empower them to defeat post secondary school difficulties (Trach, 2012). Issue explanation and criticalness of study The improvement of a youngster with exceptional inabilities has hence been given a lot of noticeable quality and the training framework inside the United States orders schools inside job. It acknowledges the hindrances, difficulties and issues that understudies experience particularly in the wake of moving on from secondary school. Understanding the different procedure, effects and players in the change arranging improvement is a significant viewpoint for all researchers inside the specialized curriculum brotherhood. This examination in this manner tries to feature the procedures of change arranging and the effects that it has made in the improvement of a specialized curriculum and the arrangement of understudies for postsecondary school life. It tries to recognize the key partners and teammates of the procedure and the vario us jobs that each plays (Trach, 2012). The effect of their contribution to building up an appropriate change plan for understudies with incapacity will likewise be assessed in the investigation to help recognize the significance of progress arranging in the training arrangement of understudies with inabilities. Most understudy progress arranging centers around giving aptitudes that can empower the understudies with uncommon incapacities to make sure about work and productive commitment after secondary school. Complete transitional arrangement subsequently guarantees the coordination and contact with outer association that might be keen on utilizing the understudies well ahead of time before they really move on from secondary school (Michaels and Ferrara, 2005). Examination addresses 1. What is the effect of progress arranging in the instructive improvement of understudies with incapacity? 2. What progress zone holds the way in to the accomplishment of any change arranging program? 3 . What are the effects of formal and casual evaluation techniques accessible as IDEA guidelines? 4. What are the jobs of partners and how have they contributed towards the advancement of a compelling change arranging approach Participants on the move arranging Participants in transitional arranging fall in various age gatherings and this makes their degrees of presentation and beneficial encounters fluctuate altogether. Change plans are in this way created and displayed relying upon the necessities of the understudies, their age gatherings and life experien

Critical Infrastructure Security and Policy Essay

Basic Infrastructure Security and Policy - Essay Example It positively has gotten the USA government considerations onto it and made them obliged to take some in a flash grave activities so as to forestall the effect of coming about unrest. CFR's latest Preventive Priorities Survey (PPS) records weakness in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, an Iranian atomic debacle, and an enhancement of the European sovereign obligation emergency among the most significant global unanticipated occasion comparative with U.S. national interests that has eventually molded as an alarming danger to the USA. Let us inspect cautiously all the dangers that have been experienced by the USA and see the explanation for each danger (Chertoff, 2009). The upheaval of Cyber Attacks Countries that assault the United States China Russia There are two nations specifically that have as of late propelled their digital assaults on the United States due to their new recovery into the worldwide economy, China and Russia. The United States had freely blamed both China and Russia f or late assaults that the United States had encountered. This ongoing assault from China uncovered that China was pointing 48 distinctive guard organizations from the United States, United Kingdom, and Bangladesh (Kim, 2011). This has been a suffering topic from China, who is attempting to accomplish data and outlines from nations that have preferable further developed innovation over they do themselves. While Russia doesn’t assault the United States as more than once as China does, essentially in light of the fact that Russia doesn’t have the programmers accessible to assault a barrier shield as the United States has, they are getting a plenitude of training on the previous nations part of the Soviet Union (vitality. Gov, 2012). Alongside various nations that utilization digital assaults to focus on the United States there are additionally fear bunches that are beginning to utilize digital assaults and furthermore different gatherings trying to cleave into government frameworks to assemble data. It is unsurprising that with the physical barrier of nations developing particularly the United States, that psychological militants which depend on digital fear assaults on the United States instead of physical assaults since it is currently much helpful and viable to shake the United States strength through digital assaults. Dangers to control frameworks can emerge out of different assets, including adversarial governments, fear based oppressor gatherings, irritated workers, and noxious robbers. To prepare for these dangers, it is fundamental to build a safe digital boundary around the Industrial Control System (ICS). Presently the USA advanced framework is defenseless. However the Department of Defense can’t do everything all alone. Companies that don’t shield themselves are putting both their main concerns and national security at danger. Truly, digital security principles are a flawed reaction to an odd and risky new realm of contentio n. Right now, however, they’re the main thing distinction among us and the void (Johsen, 2011). Al Qaeda threatens to USA The way that a cataclysmic assault against America equal to 9/11 has not happened in the course of recent years ought not suggest that a future one isn't being planned. In summer 2006, al Qaeda-connected working in London conspired to detonate fluid explosives on board 10 transoceanic aircrafts flying from the UK to America and Canada. In September 2009, Najibullah Zazi and his colleagues were confined for plotting to complete a self destruction

Know More About the High School Term Papers Sale

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Biography of Stephen Biko, Anti-Apartheid Activist

Steve Biko (Born Bantu Stephen Biko; December 18, 1946–September 12, 1977) was one of South Africas most significant political activists and a leading founder of South Africas Black Consciousness Movement. His death in police detention in 1977 led to his being hailed a martyr of the anti-apartheid struggle. Fast Facts: Stephen Bantu (Steve) Biko Known For:  Prominent anti-apartheid activist, writer, founder of Black Consciousness Movement, considered a martyr after his death in a Pretoria prisonAlso Known As:  Bantu Stephen Biko, Steve Biko, Frank Talk (pseudonym)Born:  December 18, 1946 in King Williams Town, Eastern Cape, South AfricaParents: Mzingaye Biko and Nokuzola Macethe DunaDied:  September 12, 1977 in a Pretoria prison cell, South AfricaEducation: Lovedale College, St Francis College, University of Natal Medical SchoolPublished Works:  I Write What I like: Selected Writings by Steve Biko, The Testimony of Steve BikoSpouses/Partners: Ntsiki Mashalaba, Mamphela RampheleChildren: 2Notable Quote: The blacks are tired of standing at the touchlines to witness a game that they should be playing. They want to do things for themselves and all by themselves. Early Life and Education Stephen Bantu Biko was born on December 18, 1946, into a Xhosa  family. His father Mzingaye Biko worked as a policeman and later as a clerk in the King William’s Town Native Affairs office. His father achieved part of a university education through the University of South Africa (UNISA), the distance-learning university, but he died before completing his law degree. After his fathers death, Bikos mother Nokuzola Macethe Duna supported the family as a cook at Greys Hospital. From an early age, Steve Biko showed an interest in anti-apartheid politics. After being expelled from his first school, Lovedale College in the Eastern Cape, for anti-establishment behavior, he was transferred to St. Francis College, a Roman Catholic boarding school in Natal. From there he enrolled as a student at the University of Natal Medical School (in the universitys Black Section). While at medical school, Biko became involved with the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS). The union was dominated by white liberals and failed to represent the needs of black students. Dissatisfied, Biko resigned in 1969 and founded the South African Students Organisation (SASO). SASO was involved in providing legal aid and medical clinics, as well as helping to develop cottage industries for disadvantaged black communities. Biko and Black Consciousness In 1972 Biko was one of the founders of the Black Peoples Convention (BPC), working on social upliftment projects around Durban. The BPC effectively brought together roughly 70 different black consciousness groups and associations, such as the South African Students Movement (SASM), which later played a significant role in the 1976 uprisings, the National Association of Youth Organisations, and the Black Workers Project, which supported black workers whose unions were not recognized under the apartheid regime. Biko was elected as the first president of the BPC and was promptly expelled from medical school. He started working full-time for the Black Community Programme (BCP) in Durban, which he also helped found. Banned by the Apartheid Regime In 1973 Steve Biko was banned by the apartheid government. Under the ban, Biko was restricted to his hometown of Kings Williams Town in the Eastern Cape. He could no longer support the Black Community Programme in Durban, but he was able to continue working for the Black Peoples Convention. From King Williams Town, he helped set up the Zimele Trust Fund which assisted political prisoners and their families. Despite the ban, Biko was elected Honorary President of the BPC in January 1977. Detention Biko was detained and interrogated four times between August 1975 and September 1977 under Apartheid era anti-terrorism legislation. On August 21, 1977, Biko was detained by the Eastern Cape security police and held in Port Elizabeth. From the Walmer police cells, he was taken for interrogation at the security police headquarters. According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa  report, on September 7, 1977, Biko sustained a head injury during interrogation, after which he acted strangely and was uncooperative. The doctors who examined him (naked, lying on a mat and manacled to a metal grille) initially disregarded overt signs of neurological injury. Death By September 11, Biko had slipped into a continual semi-conscious state and the police physician recommended a transfer to hospital. Biko was, however, transported 1,200 kilometers to Pretoria—a 12-hour journey which he made lying naked in the back of a Land Rover. A few hours later, on September 12, alone and still naked, lying on the floor of a cell in the Pretoria Central Prison, Biko died from brain damage. The Apartheid Governments Response South African Minister of Justice James (Jimmy) Kruger initially suggested Biko had died of a hunger strike and said that his death left him cold. The hunger strike story was dropped after local and international media pressure, especially from Donald Woods, the editor of the East London Daily Dispatch. It was revealed in the inquest that Biko had died of brain damage, but the magistrate failed to find anyone responsible. He ruled that Biko had died as a result of injuries sustained during a scuffle with security police while in detention. An Anti-Apartheid Martyr The brutal circumstances of Bikos death caused a worldwide outcry and he became a martyr and symbol of black resistance to the oppressive apartheid regime. As a result, the South African government banned a number of individuals (including Donald Woods) and organizations, especially those Black Consciousness groups closely associated with Biko. The United Nations Security Council responded by finally imposing an arms embargo against South Africa. Bikos family sued the state for damages in 1979 and settled out of court for R65,000 (then equivalent to $25,000). The three doctors connected with Bikos case were initially exonerated by the South African Medical Disciplinary Committee. It was not until a second inquiry in 1985, eight years after Bikos death, that any action was taken against them. The police officers responsible for Bikos death applied for amnesty during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, which sat in Port Elizabeth in 1997. The Biko family did not ask the Commission to make a finding on his death. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa report, published by Macmillan in March 1999, said of Bikos death: The Commission finds that the death in detention of Mr Stephen Bantu Biko on 12 September 1977 was a gross human rights violation. Magistrate Marthinus Prins found that the members of the SAP were not implicated in his death. The magistrates finding contributed to the creation of a culture of impunity in the SAP. Despite the inquest finding no person responsible for his death, the Commission finds that, in view of the fact that Biko died in the custody of law enforcement officials, the probabilities are that he died as a result of injuries sustained during his detention. Legacy In 1987, Biko’s story was chronicled in the film  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cry Freedom.† The hit song Biko, by Peter Gabriel, honored Steve Bikos legacy in 1980. Stephen Biko remains a model and hero in the struggle for autonomy and self-determination for people around the world. His writings, his life work, and his tragic death were all historically crucial to the momentum and success of the South African anti-apartheid movement. Nelson Mandela called Biko the spark that lit a veld fire across South Africa. Sources Mangcu, Xolela. Biko, A Biography. Tafelberg, 2012.Sahoboss. â€Å"Stephen Bantu Biko.†Ã‚  South African History Online, 4 Dec. 2017.Woods, Donald. Biko. Paddington Press, 1978.

Essay on Drug Abuse and Addiction - 1781 Words

Drugs Abuse occurs when a drug is taken for unintended purposes and can lead to addiction. Addiction occurs when a person must use the drug to feel and function normally. Addiction occurs in two types, physical and psychological. Physical addiction is caused by the brain, the brain produces fewer chemicals or neurotransmitters to make up for the extra chemicals therefore the brain needs the chemicals from the drug to reach the correct balance and individual becomes out of touch with reality. Psychological addiction is much simpler, the individual simply likes the way a drug makes him/her feel and must have it, therefore becoming addicted. (Lawrence, F. 1996) Addiction has six steps. The first step is occasional use; a person takes†¦show more content†¦(Peele, S. 1997) Individuals that are addicted to drugs are likely to suffer from loss of appetite, loss of weight, constipation and loss of sex drive. The pupils of the eyes may become tiny, the size of pinpoints, or extremely large. Drug addicts that use needles such as heroin addicts suffer from skin damage at the points where the needle is repeatedly inserted to give the dose or ?fix? from a syringe. (Torr, J. 1999) Individuals addicted to drugs can suffer from withdrawals, which range from mild to severe. Mild withdrawals occur when the person is late getting the dose or ?fix?. Mild withdrawals cause yawning, sneezing, runny nose, watering eyes and sweating. Severe withdrawals follow mild withdrawals and are caused by not receiving the drug for a long period of time. Severe withdrawals cause diarrhea, vomiting, trembling, cramps, confusion, and rarely seizures and coma. When the individual takes the drug all withdraw symptoms are relieved. Withdrawal symptoms occur because the body becomes adapted to the presence of the drug, which reduces certain natural chemicals and the chemical deficiency is exposed. (Peele, S. 1997) Addiction usually starts because a seriously ill or badly injured person is on painkillers longer than they should be. Sometimes boredom or pressure cause drug abuse. Some successful, high-powered business or professional people depend on drugs. Fashion may play a part and when it does drug use is alwaysShow MoreRelatedDrug Abuse And Drug Addiction1257 Words   |  6 Pages Drugs had been existing since the early 15th century and society has confronted drug abuse and addiction ever since. In the modern world, drug abuse has become a problem for many individuals do to traumatic experiences, mental disorders, peer pressure and personal problems. For every addiction there is always a solution, professional assistance can help a drug addict get control of his/her life once again. Drug rehabilitation programs can be essential for drug addicts only if the victims are committedRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction : Drugs977 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse/addiction Jeremy Graham May 11, 2015 Period, 5 Drug abuse and addiction Drug abuse/addiction is a major problem in Indiana that affects many individual. Several solutions such as rehab and drug classes have been tried. Yet, the best solution is taking drug classes. Many people do not understand why people become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a socialRead MoreDrug Addiction And Drug Abuse1401 Words   |  6 PagesAn Essay on Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse Introduction: The terms drug addiction and drug abuse are often used interchangeably. However, they are in fact two separate situations. Drug abuse generally leads a person down the path toward drug addiction, but not every individual who abuses drugs becomes an addict. The definition of drug abuse continues to change because the term is subjective and infused with the political and moral values of the society or culture one lives in. An exampleRead MoreDrug Abuse and Addiction851 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Abuse and Addiction, Problems amp; Solutions in Turkey Drug Abuse and Addiction, Problems amp; Solutions in Turkey Abdullah Furkan Kaya Ä °stanbul Åžehir University 30.4.2012 Drug abuse is an addiction, which has different substance types and can ruin people’s life or even cause death. People use it for variety of reasons such as getting away from their bothers or getting high. Approximately 200 million people abusing drugs, most of them are addicted in the world. This number isRead MoreDrug Abuse And Drug Addiction775 Words   |  4 Pages Drug Abuse Treatment 6.15 6.23 6.49 6.73 7.21 7.55 7.66 7.85 7.89 8.83 Percentage of Total Funding 30.9% 30.2% 29.9% 30.8% 29.0% 30.7% 31.4% 32.0% 31.3% 35.0% Drug Abuse Prevention 2.04 1.96 1.93 1.84 1.95 1.56 1.48 1.34 1.28 1.28 Percentage of Total Funding 10.3% 9.5% 8.9% 8.4% 7.8% 6.3% 6.1% 5.5% 5.1% 5.1% Total Demand Reduction 8.19 8.19 8.43 8.57 9.16 9.11 9.14 9.19 9.16 10.10 Percentage of Total Funding 41.2% 39.7% 38Read MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction1261 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Abuse and Addiction Individuals are well on the way to begin drug abuse including alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and many more drugs which are illegal. It has been seen that most affected category falls under the effect of drug abuse is adolescence and young adulthood. The percentage of senior students during their high school, who will have tried alcohol is 70 percent in the ratio and 40 percent of them start smoking and nearly 20 percent of them start taking prescription drugs. (National InstituteRead MoreDrug Addiction : Drugs And Drug Abuse Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pages this drug is extremely addictive and has been illegal in the United States for many years. Although many individuals seem to discover a way to obtain this very lethal drug. Even though, heroin is highly addictive and used by choice by an individual with a drug addiction; the number of deaths from Heroin is escalating daily, to the point where more than 26 overdoses in one day maybe even more. This epidemic needs to be put to a halt. Despite the fact the focus was on prescription addiction increaseRead MorePaper Drug Abuse Drug Addiction1403 Words   |  6 PagesKeisha Ellis Drug Abuse Drug Addiction SOC 203 Social Problems Instructor Ely May 11, 2015 Numerous individuals do not comprehend why individuals get to be dependent on drugs or how drugs can change the mind to cultivate enthusiastic drug abuse. They erroneously view drug misuse and dependence as entirely a social issue and may describe the individuals who take drugs as ethically powerless (Alving, Matyas, Torres, Jalah, Beck, 2014). One extremely regular belief is that drugs abusersRead MoreAddiction : Drug Abuse, Tolerance, And Addiction2246 Words   |  9 PagesAddiction is a worldwide disease that is not discriminatory against whom it affects. People take drugs because they want to change something in their lives; â€Å"They thinks drugs are a solution. But eventually, drugs become the problem† (â€Å"Truth About Drug Addiction†). This leads people to wonder, What is addiction? Are there treatments for addiction? There are four common steps on the pathway to addiction: drug abuse, tolerance, dependence, and last but not least addiction. (Advert: Substa nce AbuseRead MoreDrug Abuse And The Consequences Of Drug Addiction1593 Words   |  7 PagesDrug addiction has become prevalent in our societies today such as the use of heroin. Using Marc, Lewis (2011) text â€Å"Memoirs of an Addicted Brain: A Neuroscientist Examines his Former Life on Drugs† this paper focuses on drug abuse, heroin, and the consequences that the users face as they battle their addiction and related problems. In the text, chapter 8 provides a significant background and overview of Heroin as a drug, hence major section of this paper will rely on facts provided within this chapter

Organizational Theory and Behavior Essay - 626 Words

Organizational Theory and Behavior Homework #3 October 9, 2007 What advancement barriers did Lisa encounter? Although Lisa Weber was a highly qualified, ambitious analyst for the firm, she never had a chance for advancement because of that glass ceiling. The idea of becoming a partner was always visible, but never attainable because of the various obstacles she had to face. The same obstacles most women face when trying to climb the corporate ladder. Several barriers stood in Lisa’s path of becoming a partner. One such barrier was the fact that even though her credentials, commendations, and work ethic were extremely high, she was never respected by the CEO, Michael Breyer, as someone who deserved to be on an executive level. His†¦show more content†¦Lisa was a vital asset to the company. She brought in new business, her accounts were prosperous, and her opinion was coveted on a daily basis by partners that she longed to be equal with. What type of organizational policies and opportunities might have benefited Lisa and Pamela? One organizational policy that would have benefited Lisa and Pamela is a zero tolerance of discrimination, whether it is sexual, racial, age, or gender. Most companies today would not have tolerated the way these women were treated. Not only because it is not right, but because of the negative publicity it would cause if one of these women were to bring a discrimination charge up against the company. One accusation of discrimination or harassment against a company is usually the catalyst for whatever else may be hiding behind those closed doors. What could the organization do to raise the gender consciousness of Michael Breyer and Lisa’s male colleagues? One thing the organization could do to raise the gender consciousness would be to do an ongoing series of sensitivity training for all staff. Along with this training would be annual assessment seminars that will teach people the different types of discrimination and harassment and the steps they need to take when such a situation is posed upon them. In the Cancer center where I am employed, women make up nearly 70% of the managerial and supervisory staff in all departments. At the executive level they only make upShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Organizational Behavior1861 Words   |  8 PagesIn organizational behavior, there are many topics researched. Motivation happens to be the most researched (Robbins Judge, 2014, p. 96). According to Robbins and Judge (2014), motivation includes the processes accounting for a person’s intensity, persistence of effort, and direction toward completing a goal (p. 97). The three concepts capturing the essence of motivation include hope, action, and vision. Pinder’s (2008) findings explained the following: Hope is one of many energizing internalRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Behavior6990 Words   |  28 PagesOrganizational Theory and Behavior  © 1993, David S. Walonick, Ph.D. Classical Organization Theory Classical organization theory evolved during the first half of this century. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Frederick Taylor (1917) developed scientific management theory (often called Taylorism) at the beginning of this century. His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one best way to perform each task, 2) carefullyRead MoreTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 PagesRevisiting the Classical theories Introduction Organization indexes considerably more than the structures that lifts us out of ‘bare life’. Organization is also intimately, and utterly, connected to thought. While many, and by no means just those in the West, think of themselves as ‘free’ from enslavement by others, and even free from the organization of the state, who can argue that they are also free from the pervasive effects of language, culture and science? These are matters into whichRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Theory : Trait Theory1373 Words   |  6 Pages Organizational Behavior Theory: Trait Theory Michael Sinnett MGT500 – Organizational Behavior Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Larry Key September 24, 2017â€Æ' Organizational Behavior Theory: Trait Theory There are so many aspects that make up human behavior. For example, a person s environment and their genetics are a couple of aspects that make up an individual s behavior. Therefore, it would make sense that when you have a group of individuals together there would be just asRead MoreApplying Organizational Behavior Theory? 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Marketing Starts Essay Example For Students

Marketing Starts Essay Marketing starts with the needs of the Customers and ends with the satisfaction Of the customers Marketing : is the management of creating and exchanging products and value in order to satisfy the needs and wants. ; Marketing satisfy customers at a profit. ; The goal of marketing is (1) to attract new customers by promising superior value (e. G. Ritz-Carlton memorable experiences, Always Coca Colon and (2) to keep current customers by delivering satisfaction. Needs, Wants, and Demands ; Consumers have needs (physical, social, individual etc. Wants, and demands to be satisfied. Consumers view products as bundles of value (benefits) and choose products that give them the best value for their money. E. G. Honda Civic ( transportation, low price, fuel economy; Mercedes ( comfort, luxury, status Products ; A product (persons, places, organizations, activities, ideas) is anything that can satisfy a need or want. Producers must see themselves as providing a solution to a need rather than just selling a product. Otherwise, even a new product satisfies the needs better or less expensively, they would not make none. ; Research is a must to understand the needs and wants of the customers to produce the right product. E. G. At Disney World, each manager spends a day in the park in a Mackey costume or work on the front line taking tickets, selling pop-corn. Creating Customer Value and Satisfaction : Value, Satisfaction, and Quality How do customers choose among these many products? Consumers make choices based on; Value is the difference between owning the product and the cost of obtaining the product, in an way profit to the customer. Customers do not judge product ales objectively, on the contrary they act on perceived value. E. G. Is Hilton really the best hotel company? Satisfaction: is the difference between the products performance and buyers expectations. If the products performance falls short of expectations, the buyer is dissatisfied. Fifth performance matches or exceeds expectations, the buyer is satisfied. Smart companies aim to satisfy customers by promising only what they can give, then giving more than they promise. Benefit Of satisfying customers: Customer satisfaction create an emotional tie (customer loyalty) to a product. Highly satisfied customers make (I) repeat purchases, (2) are less price sensitive, (3) talk positively to their friends. Quality: simply quality can be defined as freedom from defects. Today, most companies define quality in terms of customer satisfaction. E. G. According to Motorola if the customer doesnt like the product, its a defect. Quality starts with customer needs and ends with customer satisfaction, The concept of total quality management is in a away total customer satisfaction. Improving the quality of a product that customers want increases customer satisfaction, Hereford increases profit. Exchange, Transactions, and Relationships ; Marketing occurs when people decide to satisfy needs and wants through exchange. Exchange (transaction) is the act of getting an object (product, service, idea from someone by giving something in return. ; Marketing should create mutually beneficial relationships (good for both parties) to generate profitable transactions. ; Marketing is the art Of attracting and keeping profitable customers. Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction refers to the extent to wh ich customers are happy with the reduces and services provided by a business. Customer satisfaction levels can be measured using survey techniques and questionnaires. Gaining high levels of customer satisfaction is very important to a business because satisfied customers are most likely to be loyal and to make repeat orders and to use a wide range of services offered by a business. Custom ere foci used Studies carried out by companies like Argos and Caduceus have found very high levels of customer satisfaction. It is not surprising because these companies emphasis market research and marketing as the tools to find out what customers want. Knowing what your customer wants then makes it possible to tailor everything you do to pleasing the customers e. . Providing the goods that customers want, in the packaging that they want, in retail outlets which are convenient to use and well place There are many factors which lead to high levels of customer satisfaction including: ; Products and services which are customer focused and thence provide high levels of value for money. Customer service giving personal attention to the needs of individual customers. ; After sales service following up the original purchase with after sales support such as maintenance and updating (for example in the updating of computer packages). .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 , .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 .postImageUrl , .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 , .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03:hover , .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03:visited , .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03:active { border:0!important; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03:active , .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03 .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb8dc009ac7ee09c793b1836ff698a03:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Great Gatsby And The American Dream EssayWhat is clear about customer satisfaction is that customers are most likely to appreciate the goods and services that they buy if they are made to feel special. This occurs when they feel that the goods and services that they buy have been specially produced for them or for people like them. This relates to a wide range of products such as razors that are designed for ease of use and good quality finish, petrol products that are environmentally friendly and customized to meet the needs of particular types of engines, etc.

The literature of the Middle Kingdom

Table of Contents Introduction Egypt Values and Ideas Things I have Read The Society Enlightened Conclusion Work Cited Introduction In The history of ancient Egypt, The Middle Kingdom of Egypt refers to a period that stretches over the eleventh dynasty up to the completion of the fourteenth dynasty. This is the period in history known to be between 2055BC and 1650BC. This period was dominated by Osiris cult in major parts of Egypt.Historians have documented proof showing that the Middle Kingdom partially owned the 13th Dynasty.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The literature of the Middle Kingdom specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Historians argue that part of the thirteenth dynasty belonged to the Middle Kingdom. Hence, this era saw the 11th dynasty ruling from Thebes, while  El-lisht  was the operating village for the 12th dynasty. When the old kingdom collapsed, Egypt plunged into a time when Pharaonic po wer was weak. Egypt Many facets characterized the literature of the Middle Kingdom. Thus, the literature shaped Egyptian culture in numerous ways. According to Lichtheim(128), the literature produced during this era was anchored on Egyptian official castes. Perhaps, it can be attributed to the message which was conveyed. Besides, most of the literature published during this era was mainly circulated after the approval by central administration of theMiddle kingdom. The Egyptian royal court was portrayed as the powerhouse of all literary material, thus, other facets of Egyptian culture failed adequately to match the philosophical significance linking courts and literature. In understanding how this literature shaped ancient Egypt, clear evidence can be linked to the courts of the time.The courts were widespread across geographical region in the Kingdom and this simplified administration,whereas providing easy circulation of literarymaterials. Consequently, the literature of this time was closely linked to individual identity. According toLichtheim (113), this was seen as a symbol of unsociablecharacter because it precipitated stress on the latent of adverse characteristics of the prevailing individual situation. Values and Ideas The Middle Kingdom was endowed with a variety of ideas and values. This was explicitly expressed in Literary approach present. Literary world in ancientEgypt pointed to a unified or near to ordinary verbal language of  everyday society. The languages of legendary texts, excluding Tale of Wole and Amun were a hybrid that evolved progressively as a result of spoken pre-history undertakings. Thus, this showed the value anchored on historical happenings. According to Lichtheim(33), the syntax of the language of contemporarybooklets, for example portrayed extensive use of semanticdevices (Lichtheim, 113).Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently,substantial language use can be nevertheless be differentiated with conventional Egyptian culture.The idea of embracing designs on papyrus is noted to have massively increased the use of symbol texts. Papyrus creativity of the MiddleKingdom encouraged graving, of non- royal biographies and of amalgamsdesigns such as; Harris Papyrus linked the o interpretations of the act of Ramesses III centers between Conventional and late Egypt. Things I have Read The history of Middle Kingdom in Egypt rejuvenates in me the mythical account of XVII Dynasty.  The account of this dynasty was limited, and comprised of poorly conserved papyrus texts, thus the majority of preserved copies emanated from the Middle Kingdom scripts did not provide enough information about their culture and administration structure (Lichtheim, 4). Besides, these scripts did not inaugurate explicitly in terms of whether the middle literary approach engulfed the creek of custom during this historical period of the dynasty. The Orthodox Egyptian quantity seems to have been comparatively well distinct. Consequently, the Rhind mathematical papyruses infuriate me. It was a kind of notation located at the rear of papyrus during the Second Intermediate Period. It was an element regarding the stream of culture which survived into dynasty XVIII (Lichtheim, 31). However, Rhind mathematical papyruses did little to document its works, thus hampering its masterpiece survival The famous dynasty XVIII texts were apparent for innovation in terms of literary structure. This originality was evident in kingly engravings, biography and church hymns. The genres were categorized as â€Å"useful† texts other than belleslettres. They were anchored on Middle Age legacy. For example, the temple of Hatshepsut found atDeir el-Bahri, categorically displays a mimic of Middle Kingdom replicas and the establishment of monumental engraving, largely are subjective by  these  replicas. Hence, this acquaints me of the important information I have come across (Lichtheim, 39). The royal engravings during the dynasty XVIII on Berlin Leather building was ascribed with texts by Senwosret I. The engravings were preserved for authentic purposes. This was perhaps for providing evidence in terms of study of ancient texts, models or for composition of attributed works to aid manufacture of a culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The literature of the Middle Kingdom specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The engraving depicts the power of ancient art of Middle Kingdom in the Egyptian society.Senworset I, with his engravings attributed to Berlin Leather, tolerates the importance of the Middle Kingdom culture by bestowing the king’s role, something similarly seen in the White Chapel of Senworset I in Amenhotep (Lichtheim, 22). The autobiographies, which have been covered  on  a limited aspect studied as a historical genr e (Lichtheim, 41), are sundry but not aptly innovative as royal writings and less modernistic than  the  marginallypastwriting of Emhab (Lichtheim, 9).  Most significant non royal shrines during this time mimicked sculptures and tombs, rather than the typical of the Middle Kingdom. They embraced this regularly and thus memoirs had long writingsslightly than typecastmatters something have learned. However, the autotrophies differed in terms of accounts of subject contribution or soldiery affairs or had a characteristic flair mirrored from the first half of the century of the dynasty  Further, Middle Kingdom autobiographies altered as noted by Lichtheim (11). This was due to different social classes and religious belief. A clear approach is that of Stela of Baki who showed aphilosophicalobsession in traditional Egyptian literature. Besides, the numerouscanticlesconserved from the middle Kingdom were primarily in  non-royal  tombs. They ranged from typecast to a more distin ct, thusaffirming dynamic life outside the main liturgical framework and spearheading growth of thoughts through dialogue of canticle. The Society Enlightened TheMiddle Kingdom literature was divided into two broad principal periods. These periods were before and after the period of Amarna during the late XVII dynasty. In this sense, the antique chapter resembles largely with the introduction of late Egyptian as a carved type of language embodying a divergent composition and orthography. Hence this showed the continuation of traditional Egyptian. During the dynasty XIX, the literature works were collected and middle ones written in expressions and later exposed to standard communication in script copies (Lichtheim, 89). Thus, we can assert that most prose writers of Egypt’sMiddle Kingdom were skilled. Further, mythical chronicles were highly written thus creating part of charmed prescriptions during this period. The prose writers’ during this time were not confirmed fo r conventional Egyptian writings hence most of the work was centered on love poetry.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, skillful writers championed for papyrus collations. Papyrus collations were important for teaching purposes. The categories of written items categories included; historical shards and passages which demonstrated ideologies of association and effective use of literature. Some of the work which theMiddle Kingdom demonstrated its writing prowess included; The Fisherman’s Wife, Story of Isi, Amenopeand other aspects of instructional texts. This works were preserved in the Middle Kingdom Ostracon until the 4th century (Lichtheim,3).  The Middle Kingdom legendary works would have subsisted if the milieu of spread had been preserved. According to Lichtheim(4),the relative short survival of Middle Kingdom literature of ancient Egypt, whose originality spanned for three centuries, depicts the contrast that prevail between â€Å"modernism† and â€Å"classicism†. Hence this period was synonymous of transmitting forms of high quality written literature by its wri ters. The Kingdoms which inherited later had an easy time of having â€Å"outstanding tradition of literacy works†, thus the outstanding traditions was the efforts of originality and skills of the Middle Kingdom writers (Lichtheim,7). Further, the sustenance of late Egyptian, orthodox, and ostensiblepause of legendary originality in orthodox Egyptian, established a condition by which traditionally, the crucial work become ossified and disjointed from dynamicMiddle Kingdom structure this clearly affirms the presence of skilled writers during this time. Conclusion The Middle Kingdom literature was an interesting piece of literary workever written in history. It brings enlightenment in the literature world. We can ably conclude that, the literary acumen of the Middle kingdom writers were civilized and updated. This is illustrated in their works such as poetry, art, hymns among others. The preservation up to present, clearly demonstrates the richness of history. Work Cited Lichth eim, Miriam. Ancient Egyptian Literature: The Middle Kingdom. California: Universityof California Press, 2006 This essay on The literature of the Middle Kingdom was written and submitted by user Osvaldo Gould to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Profile Dolores Huerta, Co-Founder of the United Farm Workers

Profile Dolores Huerta, Co-Founder of the United Farm Workers Known for:  co-founder and a leader of the United Farm Workers Dates: April 10, 1930 - Occupation: labor leader and organizer, social activist Also known as: Dolores  Fernndez Huerta About Dolores Huerta Dolores Huerta was born in 1930 in Dawson, New Mexico. Her parents,  Juan and Alicia Chavez Fernandez, divorced when she was very young, and she was raised by her mother in Stockton, California, with the active help of her grandfather, Herculano Chavez. Her mother worked two jobs when Dolores was very young. Her father watched the grandchildren. During World War II, Alicia Fernandez Richards, who had remarried, ran a restaurant and then a hotel, where Dolores Huerta helped out as she grew older. Alicia divorced her second husband, who had not related well to Dolores, and married Juan Silva. Huerta has credited her maternal grandfather and her mother as the primary influences on her life. Dolores also was inspired by her father, whom she saw infrequently until she was an adult, and by his struggles to make a living as a migrant laborer and coal miner. His union activity helped inspire her own activist work with a Hispanic self-help association. She married in college, divorcing her first husband after having two daughters with him. Later she married Ventura Huerta, with whom she had five children. But they disagreed over many issues including her community involvements, and first separated and then divorced.  Her mother helped her support her continuing work as an activist after the divorce. Dolores Huerta became involved in a community group supporting farm workers which merged with the AFL-CIOs Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC). Dolores Huerta served as secretary-treasurer of the AWOC. It was during this time that she met Cesar Chavez, and after theyd worked together for some time, formed with him the National Farm Workers Association, which eventually became the United Farm Workers (UFW). Dolores Huerta served a key role in the early years of farmworker organizing, though she has only recently been given full credit for this. Among other contributions was her work as the coordinator for East Coast efforts in the table grape boycott, 1968-69, which helped to win recognition for the farm workers union. It was during this time that she also became connected with the growing feminist movement including connecting with Gloria Steinem, who helped influence her to integrate feminism into her human rights analysis. In the 1970s Huerta continued her work directing the grape boycott, and expanding to a lettuce boycott and a boycott of Gallo wine.  In 1975, the national pressure brought results in California, with the passage of legislation recognizing the right of collective bargaining for farmworkers, the Agricultural Labor Relations Act. During this period she had a relationship with Richard Chavez, a brother of Cesar Chavez, and they had four children together.   She also headed up the farm workers unions political arm and helped lobby for legislative protections, including maintaining the ALRA. She helped found a radio station for the union, Radio Campesina, and spoke widely, including lectures and testifying for protections for farm workers. Dolores Huerta had a total of eleven children.  Her work took her away from her children and family frequently, something she expressed regret for later. In 1988, while demonstrating peacefully against the policies of candidate George Bush, she was severely injured when police clubbed the demonstrators. She suffered broken ribs and her spleen had to be removed. She eventually won a considerable financial settlement from the police, as well as changes in police policy on handling demonstrations. After her recovery from this life-threatening attack, Dolores Huerta returned to working for the farm workers union.  Shes credited with holding the union together after the sudden death of Cesar Chavez in 1993. Sources Susan Ferriss, Ricardo Sandoval, Diana Hembree (editor). The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement. Paperback, 1998.

Tourism Concepts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism Concepts - Research Paper Example Tourism is all about the specifications of a place; with specific details present, these tourists can wander around in the city with much ease. San Diego County is a county located in the southwestern corner of the State of California (San Diego, 2010). It is the most newest and dynamic metropolitan areas in the country America. San Diego has an attraction that can draw people’s attention towards it. The sights and sounds of the city center is the objective of the attraction. With the inland mountains and one of the most beautiful natural harbors in the world, San Diego is a result of years of development and vitalization (Trains Magazine, 2009). The report will be discussing the places of attraction situated at San Diego, the facilities of food, accommodation, and transportation. It will also be presenting the culture, hospitality of people, and the infrastructure of the county. This report will mainly be targeting the tourists and tourism planners. San Diego is considered as one of the most developed and pleasant counties of America. There are many attractive and major sites of interest for the tourists and the tourism planners. Alta Vista Garden is a garden that is established with the theme of bringing together people, nature, and art. The garden is situated on over 14 acres and the admission is free for the public (Kragen, 2009). The garden is a cultural botanical park and provides an interactive method to teach botany and other subjects to the students. The water paths are constructed in such a way that the water falls into natural pools and gives a natural waterfall-look. The other places of interest include Lego land, which is a theme park. It is the only Lego land situated outside of Europe. Lego land has nine main sections, each constructed on a separate theme (Kragen, 2009). Mission Bay is a recreational area includes sea world, and Fiesta Island etc. Mission Bay has sandy beaches spread over miles with a long pedestrian path. It is the larges t man made Aquatic Park in America (National Park Services, 2009). Sea world is famous for the facility of all kinds of water sports. Fiesta Island is located within Mission Bay. Charity walks, bicycle races, and other special events of this kind are held here. Tourists who are fond of jet skiing, sailing, camping, and water sports must visit Mission Bay. Balboa Park is also a worth visiting site. It has numerous museums and other cultural places (National Park Services, 2009). San Diego Zoo is also located in Balboa Park. The park itself has many beautiful and rare trees, which makes it a place of interest for the visitors; moreover there are several gardens in the Balboa Park. Also, there is Cabrillo National Monument that is the historical exhibition of Juan Rodeiguez Cabrillo and World War 2. (National register of Historic places, 2007). The park also presents a view of San Diego’s harbor and skyline. The means of transportation in San Diego County is unique too. There ar e highways which connect the neighboring states, roads for public transport, railroads for trolleys and coasters etc. Airports and ships are also used as a medium of transport. The airport of San Diego is located close to the downtown area. On arriving at San Diego airport, the visitors and tourists are given information by volunteering airport ambassadors. They provide information regarding airport and other travel facilities. The highways and roads of San Diego County are quite affordable and good for transport. The visitors can

Analyse your online presence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyse your online presence - Essay Example The question that has come up today is whether in reality the images that people have on the social networks are their real images in the society. Indeed, the images portrayed in the online presence are virtually different from the real images of the people in society. Facebook is a social site that has garnered a lot of favoritism from its subscribers since the day it was launched back in the year 2004. Today this social site has attracted over a billion users and the rate is subscription is increasing tremendously. Just like other social sites, Facebook has revolutionized to become an accommodating service that diversified users can use to meet their specific needs. The service now allows users to have access to marketing pages, make video and voice calls, share their opinions, message and even follow your favorite friends (Ryan, 2011). When I learnt about Facebook after my high school education, I was excited by the fact that this was a celebrity site that already existed among nu merous members of my social spheres. I admired the kind of fun that this site was offering to its users but with less exposure to the internet I remained passive in the matter although was already building from my colleagues who were already accessing the site. One year after my school education, I finally had a better phone and more access to the netculture and this was the best platform to start my account. One of the reasons why I decided to join Facebook and not any other site is because it was one of the famous sites in the world today and it was the term in the words of many youths during this period. Secondly, I was fascinated by the flexibility of this site and the numerous services that I could enjoy from this site. The first dialogue box in the Facebook account was â€Å"what’s on your mind† a feature that I like because I could update my message of the day and all my friends would respond to this message, and we would spend a whole day replying to these mess ages. Also, I was able to choose share personalized message with my friends through the Inbox option and this was this was a private and secure service that concealed most of my private life. Later, when I learnt that I could make a video call with my Facebook account, I found myself more attached to a free wireless internet service that provided in my college. In a nutshell, Facebook has remained a favorite site that has, as I intended, kept me relevant in the social circles. Today, the dynamic internet culture has led to the development of multiple social sites that are specific in functionality and that offer a wide range of services that are synchronized to its primary purpose. While social sites such as twitter, Facebook and WhatsApp are dominated by socialites, others such as Linked In is meant for career purposes and is dominated by professional seeking to share more professional information. Payton and Claypoole (2012) have pointed out to the multi-identity nature of the peo ple in their online presence. Principally it is impossible to tell the identity of a person from their online presence as the media provides the people with the chance to make virtual images of themselves that may not at all reflect their image in the society. While a person may appear naked in one on social sites, they may look totally different in a more professional site

Goals of Linguistic Essay Example for Free

Goals of Linguistic Essay Mr. 1. Introduction 1. 1. Approaching the issue The task of setting out (to use a neutral word) the goals of a human activity may be approached in a variety of ways depending on conditions such as who is involved in the activity and who has the power to determine the goals. In the case of the goals of a scientific discipline, the question may, in principle, be approached by established scientific methods: * Deductive approach: The highest and most general goal is taken as an axiom, more specific and lower-level goals are deduced from it. * Inductive approach: By methods of the sociology of science, the goals actually pursued by scientists may be ascertained; by sociological methods, it may be ascertained what goals a community thinks should be pursued by the sciences that it entertains. The deductive approach suffers at least from the following shortcomings: * The postulation of the highest goal is itself outside the scope of science. * Clean deduction is only possible in the logical disciplines. What is called deduction in (the rest of) philosophy, the humanities and social sciences is really informal and heavily dependent on the interpretation of words. The inductive approach suffers at least from the following shortcomings: * Just like other people, scientists occasionally pursue selfish or idiosyncratic goals, which a purely inductive approach would not be able to separate out. * The extra-scientific members of a social community – be they politicians or citizens – have limited presuppositions of making a rational contribution to the discussion of the goals of a science, lacking both knowledge and experience of the nature and possibilities of scientific work and presuppositions for appreciating the spiritual side of objective knowledge (see below). On the basis of available evidence, it is safe to say that few of them can distinguish between scientific insight and technological â€Å"progress†. Thus, if one wants at all a scientific approach to the problem of the goals of a discipline, one would have to combine – as usual – deductive and inductive methods, hoping that they will compensate for each others shortcomings. It would certainly be reasonable to do this scientific work (from time to time). However, it has apparently not been done. I will therefore abide by taking a common-sense approach to the problem, informed both by some epistemology of linguistics and by some experience with linguistic work. 1. 2. Fundamentals Like any human activity, linguistics has a place in a teleonomic hierarchy (see teleonomische Hierarchie) which is headed by its ultimate goals. Science is the pursuit of objective knowledge/understanding (Greek episteme, German Erkenntnis). The attainment of such knowledge is its ultimate goal. This goal is itself subordinate to the goal of human life, which is the improvement of the conditio humana. It is in the nature of human cognition – as opposed to Gods cognition –, that it can be fully achieved only in communication. To say that the goal is objective knowledge is therefore almost tantamount to saying that it is rational communication. This rephrasing also serves the purpose of avoiding a static conception of ‘objective knowledge’. In the more specific discussion below, the role of communication in the achievements of the goals of a science will come up again. Understanding has two sides, a spiritual and a practical one. * On the spiritual side, the human mind is enriched if it understands something; and this in itself is a contribution to improving the conditio humana. * On the practical side, understanding something is a presupposition for controlling it. Controlling1 the world in which we live is another contribution to improving the conditio humana. Some sciences make a stronger contribution to the spiritual side, others make a stronger contribution to the practical side. This is the basis for the distinction between pure and applied science. Linguistics is the study of human language. Understanding this object has a purely spiritual aspect, which constitutes what might be called â€Å"pure linguistics† and what is more commonly called general linguistics. It also has a practical aspect, which concerns the role of languages in human lives and societies and the possibilities of improving it. This epistemic interest constitutes applied linguistics. Given the divergence in the epistemic interest of pure and applied science, there can be no universal schema by which the goals and tasks of a science should be systematized. As discussed elsewhere (see Wissenschaft), there is a basic distinction between logical, empirical and hermeneutic approaches. Linguistics shares components of all of them. Here we will focus on the tasks of linguistics as an empirical discipline. For such a discipline, the main tasks are: 1. elaboration of a theory of its object 2. documentation and description of its object 3. elaboration of procedures for the solution of practical problems in the object area. In what follows, the main goals of linguistics will be characterized, at a general level, according to this schema. 2. Theory: the nature of human language The spiritual aspect of the human understanding of some object is realized in the elaboration of a theory of that object. In this respect, the task of linguistics consists in the elaboration of a theory of human language and its relation to the languages. Its most important aspects include * the structure(s) and function(s) of human language and languages * the relationship between unity and diversity of human languages * linguistic change * acquisition of ones native language In characterizing the nature of human language, linguistic theory also delimits it against other kinds of semiosis, both synchronically in the comparison of spoken and written languages with sign languages, whistling languages and, furthermore, with animal languages, and diachronically in the comparison with primate semiotic systems from which human language may have evolved. 3. Empiry: documentation and description of languages As recalled above, linguistics is (among other things) an empirical science. In such a discipline, there is a necessary interrelation between the elaboration of a theory of the object and the description of the object; one informs the other. Furthermore, since speech and even languages are volatile, they have to be documented. The tasks of linguistics in this area may be systematized as follows: 1. language documentation: recording, representation, analysis and archiving of speech events and texts that represent a certain language 2. language description: 1. the setting of the language * ethnographic * social/cultural * genealogical 2. the language system: * semantic system: grammar, lexicon * expression systems: phonology, writing The documentation of a language must be such that people who do not have access to the language itself can use the documentation as a surrogate for as many purposes as possible. In particular, it should be possible to develop a description of a language on the basis of its documentation. The description makes explicit the meanings that the language expresses and the functions it fulfils – what it codes and what it leaves uncoded –, and represents the structure of the expressions that afford this. It does all of this in the most systematic and comprehensive way possible. Such a description may be used for a variety of purposes, most of which are mentioned below in the section on applied linguistics. Both documentation and description take the historical dimension of the object into account. That is, in the synchronic perspective, they are systematic, while in the diachronic perspective, they are historical. 4. Practice: application of linguistics The daily use of language for communication and cognition is replete with all kinds of tasks and problems that require science for a proper solution. Some of them are: * compilation of grammars, dictionaries and text editions for various purposes * native and foreign language teaching * testing of linguistic proficiency * standardizing and planning languages * devising and improving writing systems * development and maintenance of special languages and terminologies * analysis and alleviation of communication problems in social settings * diagnosis and therapy of aphasic impairments * intercultural communication, translation and interpreting * communication technology: speech technology, automatic speech and text production and analysis, machine translation, corpus exploitation The descriptions produced in â€Å"pure† linguistics – not only descriptive linguistics, but also socio-, psycho-, neuro-, ethno- etc. linguistics – are exploited for the formulation of technical procedures by which tasks arising in the fields enumerated may be solved. And contrariwise, the demands arising from those practical fields are taken as challenges by theoretical and descriptive linguistics to produce theories and descriptions that respond to them. 5. Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools The nature of the goal of science – objective knowledge – requires the elaboration and testing of methods by which putative knowledge may be attained, verified/falsified and applied in the solution of practical or interdisciplinary problems. * The epistemological side of this activity is a stock-taking of the particular nature of the activity of the linguist, its goals, conditions and possibilities. There will be reflection on the logical, empirical and hermeneutic nature of the object of linguistics and the approaches appropriate to each facet. * The operational side of methodology is the elaboration of particular methods within such a methodological frame of the discipline. Given the interplay of specific aspects of the linguistic object with specific problems and purposes, specific sets of methods may be developed to deal adequately with such aspects of the object, to solve such problems and serve such purposes. This involves * in the deductive perspective, the operationalization of concepts and theorems and the elaboration of tests * in the inductive perspective, the elaboration of standards of representation of linguistic data and of tools for processing them. While a contribution from general epistemology may be expected for the epistemological side of linguistic methodology, its operational side is entirely the responsibility of the particular discipline. Its status as a scientific discipline crucially depends on its fulfillment of this task. 6. Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization. The articulation of science into disciplines is, first of all, a necessity of the division of labor. As observed above, a particular discipline is constituted by the combination of an object with an epistemic interest. The object is just a segment of the overall object area susceptible of scientific insight, the epistemic interest depends on all kinds of factors, and the combinations of these two elements are consequently manifold. In other words, no discipline is autonomous and self-contained. The contribution that it makes to human understanding can only be assessed if it is compared and combined with other disciplines. The theories developed by a discipline must define their object in such a way that it becomes transparent where they leave off, i. e. where the interfaces for the combination of related theories are. And they must be formulated in such a way that non-specialists can understand them and relate them to the epistemic interest pursued by them. Thus, a linguistic theory has to make explicit what it purports to cover and what not – for instance, only the linguistic system, not its use –; and linguists should say what they think is required for taking care of the rest. Moreover, the products of linguistic description and documentation must be represented in such a way that non-linguists may use them. For instance, there must be * grammars usable by foreign language curriculum designers * semantic descriptions usable by ethnographers * models of linguistic competence testable by neurologists * formal grammatical descriptions usable by programmers. Finally, linguistics must be capable of and receptive in taking up insights and challenges from other disciplines. For instance, * phonological concepts must be related to phonetic concepts * models of linguistic activity must be inspired by findings of psychology and neurology * models of linguistic competence must be able to account for the performance of plurilingual persons. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the touchstone of the communicative capacity of a scientific community. A discipline that can neither inspire other disciplines nor be inspired by them gets isolated and unnecessary. 7. Conclusion Above, five areas of goals of linguistics have been identified: 1. Theory: the nature of human language 2. Empiry: documentation and description of languages 3. Practice: application of linguistics 4. Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools 5. Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization These goals do not belong to the same level. Goal #1, the elaboration of a theory of its object, is the highest goal of any science. As already mentioned, goal #1 is interdependent with goal #2, because a theory of an object area presupposes its proper description, and a proper description presupposes a theory on which it can be based. Furthermore, the production of documentations and descriptions is a service to the society. This is even more true of goal #3: The solution of daily-life tasks and problems is a practical contribution to the improvement of the conditio humana. It has to be done by someone, and if it is done by the discipline that has the relevant know-how, it is both better for the solution of the problem and better for the social standing of the discipline. Finally, the demands emerging from extra-scientific practice may feed back into the content and form of descriptions. Goals #4 and #5 are more science-immanent. Neither the elaboration of a methodology nor interdisciplinary cooperation are anything that would be of direct relevance outside a scientific context. They are, however, preconditions for the attainment of goals #1 – #3. As said before, no serious theory can be developed, no adequate descriptions and documentations can be produced, and no practical problems can be solved, without an arsenal of pertinent methods and without a systematic interchange with disciplines that partly share the object area or the epistemic interest.

Language Separation in Immigrant Families Essay -- Immigrants Immigrat

Language Separation in Immigrant Families In America, each family usually has a standard language spoken in the household. Communication is easy and mothers can talk with their children and they can connect with them. Some people who have this benefit are unaware that some families do not have this advantage in their homes. Lee Thomas and Linh Cao understand that some families have language change through each generation. Cao herself lived in house where her relatives used several different languages and learned first hand that there are many losses when a family doesn’t share a common language. Thomas and Cao wrote this article specifically for parents and families that have language separation through generations. Both authors have background knowledge about language from their experiences. Thomas was a teacher of linguistics at the University of Nevada. Cao taught English at Sparks High School in Nevada. Cao also grew up in a family where the language predominately spoken by each person changed by age group. She was born in Vietnam and her first language was ...

The Poplar Field Analysis

It has been said that â€Å"Cowper’s life was tormented by a set of symptoms, habits, and fears which his poetry in many places reflects†¦we consider that Cowper turned to poetry for reasons intimately connected with the torment of his life at times became for him. † (Feingold Para. ) William Cowper utilizes setting in his poem â€Å"The Poplar Field† to represent his reflections on the passage of time; we go on a journey with Cowper to visit the past, present, and future of the speaker and the journey is warped around different landmarks in speaker’s life and represented by the effects of aging, not only of the speaker, but on the poplar field as well. In lines 5-6, we walk with the speaker as he reminisces twelve years in the past, where he first had the opportunity to gather a glimpse of the poplar field.We are able to see the setting come to life, where the trees and the young speaker grew together on the bank. The past represents a time for the s peaker that was precious to him- his youth, a time of little responsibility where he lacked accountability for his actions. Cowper utilizes a dance between the past and present to show a reflection of the passage of time as one of the first significant underlying themes for the speaker. From this experience with his past, we are able to see his childhood and what the speaker is missing from the past to the present.The poplar field brings many memories of shade and comfort for the speaker but it is short-lived as we begin to see Cowper bring the speaker back to reality in lines 7-12, and the speaker begins to see the remains from the poplar trees that once shaded him from the blazing sun, now lying leafless and lifeless on the ground (line 7). We are now able to see as Cowper ties us to the reality of what the speaker is seeing in his present moment and the brutal setting that is laid before him.The speaker is brought back to a harsh reality where the blackbirds have fled to a new re treat (line 9) and because the trees are no longer there to shade them, the only part of the tree that remains is a stump for the speaker to sit on (line 12) as he stares into the dismay of the trees having been chopped down and lying in the grass (line 7). This setting represents maturing, going through mid-life, and the beginning of the aging process for the speaker.The trees having been cut down represents a cruel reality for the speaker, his childhood is now over and instead of having others to care for him, he now has to become the one taking care of others. The present day is barren of splendor, and just as the speaker is sitting at the top of the devastation of his once favorite field of trees, he sits on top of all of the devastation of what is known as his life: the poor decisions, the what-ifs, and all of the neglected opportunities in the past, present, and future that he will miss because of the immoral judgments he made in the past.This juxtaposition shows the speaker i s now in the dominant position, he can no longer enjoy the dominancy of the tree’s protection and shade (line 8), but he is now responsible for all of the mistakes he made in life, and this is where Cowper begins to fast forward us to the future in lines 13-20, where the speaker will soon face not only old age but also his own inevitable death. Cowper begins to show us that the speaker is aging and his life will soon be over, he will die, and just like the trees, his last and final setting will be in the ground.The speaker says, â€Å"My fugitive years are all hasting away† (line 13)†¦ he is no longer a young sprout, he is getting old, and his younger days of living freely are quickly disappearing. â€Å"Ere another such grove shall arise in its stead. †(Line 16) We can see the new trees will be planted to replace the old trees that he once loved, in a similar sense, new people will rise up and replace the speaker, and he is trying to figure out how he will leave his mark on the world after he is long gone.The speaker soon begins to realize that once he is dying and after his death, he will no longer be in control of his surroundings and he will be at mercy of the generation after him. Just as his last breath is taken out of the world, somewhere there will be someone else’s first breath being taken in, and the circle of life and death will continue. William Cowper exploited three major settings to represent the speaker’s reflections on the passage of time. We embarked on a voyage through the recollections of the speaker’s past, in to experiencing his present day pain and skipped on to his worries of the future.We see as Cowper takes us on each journey; the past with beautiful bold trees full of leaves and shade for a young juvenile who was full of life, to the present day where the trees are felled, cut down to a stump upon which an aging man rest upon and reminisces of the golden days, and finally we are able to fast forward to the future and see a impending field full of new poplar trees, and a new generation rising up to replace the old which have died out. We walk with Cowper step to step and explore what comes to be known as the circle of existence and extinction.Works Cited Cowper, William. â€Å"The Poplar Field. † Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Robert Zweig. 10th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2012. 722. Print. Feingold, Richard. â€Å"William Cowper: State, Society, and Countryside. †Ã‚  Nature and Society: Later Eighteenth-Century Uses of the Pastoral and Georgic. Rutgers University Press, 1978. 121-153. Rpt. in  Poetry Criticism. Ed. David M. Galens. Vol. 40. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Literature Resource Center. Web. 13 Nov. 2012.

Present Career, Career Interest and the Value of a College...

Present Career, Career Interest and The Value of a College Education Currently I am what some would call a receptionist, but at MD Anderson Cancer Center, my title is Senior Secretary. I am responsible for handling the front desk operations. I receive all the incoming calls for the administrative office. I take messages (paper and e-mail), distribute messages, page staff members when appropriate and assist callers in reaching the appropriate department when necessary. I greet, screen, and announce visitors and guests and direct them to the appropriate areas. I also provide administrative support to the department. I am responsible for preparing outgoing mail and taking it to Mail Services as well as picking up and distributing†¦show more content†¦Trying to obtain a college degree, requires a lot of planning, saving and sacrificing. It is all worth the sacrifice. A college education better prepares an individual for the competitive job market. It helps to improve t heir problem solving skills, decision-making and analytical skills. With a college degree, you can develop the skills and knowledge needed to secure a higher position with a company, earn more money and enjoy a better quality of life. Once I obtain my college degree, Bachelors in Science/Business Administration, my plans are to remain with MD Anderson Cancer Center. As I stated earlier, I have been researching positions within the institution but I have not decided what I really wanted to do. I have a desire to be in charge, the boss. Since I am currently working in an administrative office, I have taken a strong interest in my bosss position. Her title is Department Administrator. I would be serving as the administrator and business officer for an academic department whose responsibilities include, preparing, justifying, and administering budgets for the department and its related programmatic areas. 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